Tutorial Let's make some doll shoes (tutorial compendium)

Making doll shoes breaks down into a few steps. You need:
1. An upper (the part covering the foot)
2. A base (the part below the foot)
3. To decide how complicated you want to make the process.

Here are several tutorials I found:
DOA Tutorial: DIY Shoe Lasts Tutorial (Heel Feet). Basic explainer: wrap doll legs in plastic wrap, coat plastic-wrapped legs with gypsum powder mixed with water, wait for shoe lasts to dry, and carefully remove from doll. Use lasts to make shoes/boots. Links/images for original tutorial functional as of 9/25/2022.

DOA Tutorial: Fabric fairy bootie shoe tutorial! (Super easy). Basic explainer: make a pattern using paper and pencil, cut out fabric and hand-sew into doll booties. Links/images for original tutorial functional as of 9/25/2022.

DOA Tutorial: Tiny Puki Shoe Tutorial Completed! LOTS of images! Tutorial starts with making casts of the feet, and then uses foot casts to make shoes. Links/images for original tutorial functional as of 9/25/2022.

Spruce Crafts: Make Custom-Fit Shoes for Dolls With a Basic Pattern. Make a pattern using paper and pencil to create a base, toe cap, heel pattern, and then use both toe cap and heel pattern to draft your upper. End result is a Mary Jane shoe.

ChellyWood: Free Sewing Pattners for Making Doll Shoes for Various Dolls (Gallery). Shoe patterns include slip-on flats, bedroom slippers, boots, Victorian boots, Converse sneakers, and sandals.

For shoe bases: resin, clay, rubber, cardboard, or cardstock. To hide the fabric covering the base inside the shoe, make the base in two layers: cover the inner layer with fabric, and then glue the inner layer onto an outer layer.

For heels/heel feet: MyFroggyStuff used toothpicks (you can cover in clay or hot glue), or rolled-up paper filled with hot glue to make heels. Bases were made from cardstock that was bent into the shape of the heel. The shoe base is then painted with black acrylic paint.

For uppers: clay, resin, fabric, recycled leather (I bought a used leather jacket at the thrift store for $3. Make sure the leather is thin), pleather (ditto for thinness).

To assemble: glue or sew, or a combination of the two.